Representative anatomy illustrations

These models illustrate selected anatomical relationships and injury mechanisms. They are educational illustrations, with matching views for Normal and Injured. Proportions, swelling and defect sizes are representative rather than measurements from a patient.

The knee and heel growth-plate models are authored growing-skeleton anatomy. Local irritation is shown without loose fragments or a fracture gap. Symptoms can occur with little visible change, particularly in Sever’s disease.

• Supraspinatus: a focal bursal-side partial tendon defect with a deeper intact bridge; neighboring cuff anatomy is retained.
• Prepatellar bursitis: a normally flattened sac in front of the kneecap expands with fluid; the quadriceps and patellar tendons remain intact.
• Adductor longus: continuous proximal tendon thickening and fibre irregularity at the anterior pubis, without a retracted tear.
• Osgood-Schlatter: localized tibial-tubercle insertion irritation beside the apophyseal cartilage and continuous patellar tendon.
• Sever’s disease: localized irritation around the posterior calcaneal growth cartilage and Achilles insertion.
• Cervical and lumbar pathways: C1-C8, L1-L5 and S1 each have a representative example or reference. C1 is normal motor-root/ramus anatomy with a disclosed variable sensory variant and no routine cutaneous map. C2 shows joint-margin contact with its root/DRG corridor; there is no C1-C2 disc. C3-C8 have correctly named disc/root relationships, including C7-T1 exiting C8 without a C8 vertebra. Exiting L1/L4 and traversing L2/L3/L5/S1 are distinct. C5 and L1 show qualitative continuous nerve narrowing/deflection; other contact examples preserve nerve shape. Conus position varies and some root origins/exits lie beyond labelled crops. No measured pressure, clinical severity or relabelled native nerve aggregate is shown.
• Olecranon and UCL: an unchanged source-derived bent elbow supports an original posterior bursa/triceps illustration and a separate original anterior UCL bundle with a focal partial defect and retained bridge.
• Achilles: the accepted source-derived midsubstance rupture has separate irregular tendon ends, preserving the calf and heel attachments. The midportion model remains a separate continuous thickening example.

Root numbers identify nerves; disc-space labels identify adjacent vertebrae. Sensory territories overlap and vary, and radicular pain need not follow a textbook dermatome. These illustrations do not assign an exact diagnostic skin map. The root coverage record links level identities, primary references and model limits.

Clinical references

These sources support the clinical concepts and anatomical relationships. Their photographs, figures and meshes were not copied.

• AAOS: Rotator cuff tears
• Rotator cuff anatomy research
• AAOS: Prepatellar bursitis
• Imaging of groin pain and adductor anatomy
• Adductor-related groin pain research
• AAOS: Osgood-Schlatter disease
• AAOS: Sever’s disease
• Sever’s disease research

Model provenance

The new shoulder, bursa, pediatric and representative spine geometry is original Injury Atlas authoring. The adductor module preserves its source-anatomy notices and derivative history. Existing Z-Anatomy, BodyParts3D and other source attribution and ShareAlike notices remain with their assets. The native Achilles and TFCC context additions preserve exact shared-bone coordinates; the plantar lower-leg complement is original representative adult anatomy in its source foot frame. Clinical citations are separate from asset licences.

Each model covers the named example. It does not represent every disease pattern, a severity scale or a patient-specific reconstruction. Review of these educational examples does not establish clinical certification.

Shoulder illustrations

The original right-shoulder scenes retain the cuff muscle-to-tendon and greater-tuberosity relationships. The partial tear retains its deeper bridge; the named focal full-thickness example opens both tendon surfaces while surrounding tendon width remains attached. The SASD example distends its sac above an intact cuff. The separate left-shoulder reference retains native source anatomy and connected upper-chest context. Labelled close views use matched acromial and deltoid viewing windows. Original authored anatomy is a representative educational illustration.